The most significant challenge in order to carrying out empirical training on dowry ‘s the lack or inadequacy of information

dos.2 Complications with present data

Just like the dowry is actually legitimately banned within the Asia and you may Bangladesh, people constantly hesitate to show perfect dowry amounts. The high quality matter into dowry on the Indian dataset requires on community-created dowry. Including, the fresh new Asia Peoples Development Survey asks “Generally in your community to possess children such as for example your own personal, do you know the particular items that are supplied since gift ideas at the time of the brand new daughter’s wedding?” A residential district-established dowry isn’t the identical to one dowry, which is reduced of the bride’s parents at the time of matrimony. Alternatively, practical question of dowry lets simply a digital respond to, we.age., regardless of if an optimistic level of dowry is paid back (e.g., Questionnaire into the Reputation of women and you will Virility in Asia and you may Pakistan). A digital respond to, naturally, doesn’t render much additional information. Typical off whether or not a confident dowry count is offered matches so you’re able to, which will be mostly said by, ethnic, religious, and you will caste backgrounds into the Southern China.

Since dowry isn’t legitimately prohibited into the Pakistan, extent physically repaid by the feminine respondent’s parents are going to be asked in the place of reservation for the an excellent Pakistani dataset like the Pakistan Outlying Household Survey. In the event Pakistani interviewees may not intentionally conceal true information about dowry strategies, the newest questionnaire will get nonetheless consist of keep in mind problems as participants must remember the fresh new dowry number repaid by their moms and dads several years ago. Figure 1a plots of land the fresh new predicted amount of actual dowry opinions counted for the Pakistani Rupees into the 2004 to relationships 12 months using analysis from brand new Pakistan Outlying Family Survey. As opinion is the fact genuine dowry amounts was increasing, or perhaps exhibit a low-declining development, the fresh new shape indicates all round inclination of remember mistakes. To phrase it differently, this new stretched the brand new gap within interviewees’ marriage as well as the recall day, the much more likely they are so you can overestimate new dowry number.

Matchmaking between ladies ounts. The new line suggests the newest predict genuine number of dowry regressed on ladies marriage 12 months. The shaded town shows 95% rely on period of your predicted quantity of dowry. The information resources of (a) and you may (b) is Pakistan Outlying Home Questionnaire 2004, and the outlying house survey used because of the creator for the 2013, correspondingly

step three Analysis

For the good the studies, study built-up contained in this data will be the basic to consider clearly a standard tendency to overestimate a cost paid lengthy ago. Just as the features of in earlier times compiled studies, ours also are retrospective; however, according to that it tendency, we such as for example accompanied specific perform to attenuate survey keep in mind errors. Including, we asked for the degree of one another people-situated dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry matter paid during the time of the respondent’s marriage (retrospective). Since the Pakistani dowry contains gold/accessories, dresses, chairs, cooking utensils, etc, we queried dowry amounts of the item. Whenever we felt good respondent’s overestimation of the dowry matter, especially in the situation out of a married relationship that took place an effective few years back, since dowry was displayed, we can and performed examine these numbers which have people that attended the service. Thus, the analysis on the predict real quantities of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t tell you people coming down trend, however with people said into the Fig. 1a.

step three.step 1 Survey

When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households lГ¦se dette indlГ¦g her in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).